Indicates the reason or cause, difference depending on a factor, or methods used.
Long explanation:
The ~によって grammar point is used to express the reason or cause of something, to show a difference depending on a certain factor, or to indicate the method or means by which something is done. It can be translated as 'by', 'depending on', 'due to', or 'according to' in English. The formation is the same for verbs, い-adjectives, な-adjectives, and nouns.